La necesidad de la Enfermería Escolar: una revisión integradora de la literatura / The need for School Nursing: an integrative literature review

Introducción: La salud escolar debe velar por el bienestar integral de la comunidad escolar, fortaleciendo conductas de autocuidado y hábitos saludables a través de la promoción y prevención e investigación en salud. El abordaje holístico que define a la Enfermería hace que la inclusión de la enfermera escolar sea fundamental en los diferentes centros educativos. Objetivo: Analizar los beneficios del rol de la enfermería escolar en base a sus competencias para identificar la necesidad que supone la figura de la enfermería en los colegios.Metodología: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, cualitativa siguiendo las indicaciones de la declaración PRISMA. La búsqueda de las publicaciones se llevó a cabo en las bases de datos Web of Science y MedLine, seleccionándose aquellos artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años en inglés y español. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 10 artículos. Su análisis muestra las competencias de la enfermera escolar, la perspectiva que tienen los docentes y los padres de la figura de la enfermera escolar, así como la necesidad que aporta a comunidad escolar. Conclusiones: La presencia de la enfermera escolar en los centros educativos garantiza tranquilidad y beneficios para la comunidad, no solo mediante actividades de prevención o asistenciales, sino también mediante estrategias de educación para la salud. Nuestra investigación ha recogido cómo pese a que existe un argumento firme y conciso sobre la importancia de esta figura continúa la lucha por su implantación. (AU)

Introduction: School health must ensure the comprehensive well-being of the school community, strengthening self-care behaviours and healthy habits through promotion and prevention and through health-related research. The holistic approach that defines Nursing makes the inclusion of the school nurse fundamental in the different educational centres.Objective: To analyse the benefits of the role of school nursing based on their remit to identify the need for nurses in schools. Methodology: Integrative review of the literature and qualitative review based on the indications of the PRISMA statement. The search for publications was carried out in the Web of Science and MedLine databases, selecting those articles published in the last 5 years in English and Spanish. Results: A total of 10 articles were included. Their analysis shows the remit of the school nurse, the perspective that teachers and parents have of the school nurse role, as well as the need it represents to the school community.Conclusions: The presence of the school nurse in educational centres ensures tranquillity and benefits for the community, not only through prevention or assistance activities, but also through health education strategies. Our research has revealed how, despite the fact that there is a firm and concise argument regarding the importance of this role, the fight for its establishment continues. (AU)

Adolescent relational behaviour and the obesity pandemic: A descriptive study applying social network analysis and machine learning techniques.

AIM: To study the existence of subgroups by exploring the similarities between the attributes of the nodes of the groups, in relation to diet and gender and, to analyse the connectivity between groups based on aspects of similarities between them through SNA and artificial intelligence techniques. METHODS: 235 students from 5 different educational centres participate in this study between March and December 2015. Data analysis carried out is divided into two blocks: social network analysis and unsupervised machine learning techniques. As for the social network analysis, the Girvan-Newman technique was applied to find the best number of cohesive groups within each of the friendship networks of the different classes analysed. RESULTS: After applying Girvan-Newman in the three classes, the best division into clusters was respectively 2 for classroom A, 7 for classroom B and 6 for classroom C. There are significant differences between the groups and the gender and diet variables. After applying K-means using population diet as an input variable, a K-means clustering of 2 clusters for class A, 3 clusters for class B and 3 clusters for class C is obtained. CONCLUSION: Adolescents form subgroups within their classrooms. Subgroup cohesion is defined by the fact that nodes share similarities in aspects that influence obesity, they share attributes related to food quality and gender. The concept of homophily, related to SNA, justifies our results. Artificial intelligence techniques together with the application of the Girvan-Newman provide robustness to the structural analysis of similarities and cohesion between subgroups.

Life Habits of Healthcare Professionals during the Third Wave of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Spanish Hospital.

(1) Background: To describe sleep quality, eating behaviour and alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use among healthcare staff in a Spanish public hospital. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study examining sleep quality (Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index), eating behaviour (Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (R18)), tobacco and drug use (ESTUDES questionnaire) and alcohol use (Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener). (3) Results: 178 people, of whom 87.1% (155) were women, with an average age of 41.59 ± 10.9 years. A total of 59.6% of the healthcare workers had sleep problems, to a greater or lesser degree. The average daily consumption was 10.56 ± 6.74 cigarettes. The most commonly used drugs included cannabis, occasionally used by 88.37%, cocaine (4.75%), ecstasy (4.65%) and amphetamines (2.33%). A total of 22.73% of participants had increased their drug use, and 22.73% had increased their consumption during the pandemic, with beer and wine accounting for 87.2% of drinks consumed during this period. (4) Conclusions: In addition to the psychological and emotional impact already demonstrated, the COVID-19 crisis has repercussions on sleep quality, eating behaviour and alcohol, tobacco and drug consumption. Psychological disturbances have repercussions on physical and functional aspects of healthcare workers. It is feasible that these alterations are due to stress, and it is necessary to act through treatment and prevention as well as promote healthy habits.

Descriptive Study of Friendship Networks in Adolescents and Their Relationship with Self-Efficacy and Alcohol Consumption Using Social Network Analysis.

Alcohol is a widely used legal drug. Self-efficacy takes on great importance in an adolescent's development. Levels of self-efficacy can contribute to the decision-making process of the adolescent. In this phase, a group of friends becomes increasingly important. Alcohol is present in different social aspects. Adolescents use alcohol as a social facilitator or as part of the development of their autonomy. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the structure of the friendship network, self-efficacy, and alcohol consumption in adolescents. METHODS: We used an online platform with validated self-reported questionnaires to collect the data. The sample consisted of 195 adolescents aged between 16 and 18, from different educational centers in Bierzo (Spain). RESULTS: It was found that 43.6% of the adolescents in our research were high-risk consumers. Significant differences were obtained in terms of self-efficacy and different network metrics. These networks were represented by considering the levels of alcohol consumption. In the friendship network, we observed how the central adolescents presented higher levels of self-efficacy and lower alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Self-efficacy is established as a predictor of coping and not consuming alcohol and adolescence as a crucial moment to implement prevention strategies. Social Network Analysis is a useful tool that provides an image of the context in which adolescents find themselves.

Baby-led weaning: Health professionals 'knowledge and attitudes and parents' experiences from Spain. A mixed methods approach.

Baby-led weaning or self-regulated small chunk feeding by the baby has emerged as an alternative to the traditional method of complementary feeding. Parents and healthcare professionals often differ in the benefits and drawbacks about it. The research aims were to describe the knowledge of health professionals about complementary feeding and baby-led weaning (BLW) method and the attitudes towards its recommendation, and to explore the knowledge, experiences and attitudes of parents who have used this method to feed their children. A mixed methods research was carried out. A questionnaire was completed by 38 health professionals and 10 interviews were conducted with participating mothers. A total of 52.6% of health professionals recommended initiating complementary feeding at 6 months of age, a guideline followed by the mothers who used BLW. Some 86.8% of the professionals knew the BLW method and 76.3% knew its benefits, but the mothers consulted mainly informal sources of information sources to learn about and implement it. The health professionals stated that it facilitated family transition, enabled the infant to adapt better to flavours and textures, promoted chewing and the development of fine motor skills, improved growth and might also be a protective factor against obesity. The mothers noted that the method was natural, encouraged infant autonomy and promoted healthy eating habits. The health professionals expressed varied opinions concerning the risks entailed in the method. The main conclusions are that the majority of health professionals participating in the study know the BLW method, its benefits; however, they do not recommend it in all cases. Mothers listen to the advice of professionals but continue to rely on other informal sources of information.

Factores estresores, Inteligencia Emocional y Engagement en los estudiantes de enfermería durante sus prácticas clínicas / Stressor factors, Emotional Intelligence and Engagement during clinical practice in nursing students

Objetivo principal: Analizar la percepción de estrés, inteligencia emocional y engagement en los estudiantes de grado en Enfermería del Campus de Ponferrada durante el desarrollo de sus prácticas clínicas. Metodología: estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, correlacional de corte transversal. La muestra fue de 73 estudiantes. Se utilizaron los cuestionarios: KEZKAK, TMMS-24 y UWES-S y datos sociodemográficos. Resultados principales: El 78,1% de los alumnos presentaron estrés siendo las mujeres las que alcanzaron puntuaciones más elevadas. Los estudiantes procedentes de fuera de Ponferrada percibieron mayores tasas de estrés. La puntuación media de la Inteligencia Emocional fue de 78.92±15.11. Las dimensiones de la Inteligencia Emocional correlacionan positivamente con las dimensiones del engagement. Conclusión principal: Los estudiantes de Grado en Enfermería perciben estrés durante el desarrollo de las prácticas clínicas, sin embargo, presentan una adecuada Inteligencia Emocional y niveles altos de engagement.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the perception of stress, emotional intelligence and engagement in Nursing Degree students from the Ponferrada Campus during the development of their clinical practices. Methods: quantitative, descriptive, correlational cross-sectional study. The sample was 73 students. The questionnaires were used: KEZKAK, TMMS-24 and UWES-S and sociodemographic data. Results: 78.1% of the students presented stress, with women reaching the highest scores. Students from outside Ponferrada perceived higher rates of stress. The mean Emotional Intelligence score was 78.92±15.11. The dimensions of Emotional Intelligence positively correlate with the dimensions of engagement. Conclusions: Nursing degree students perceive stress during the development of clinical practices, however they present adequate Emotional Intelligence and high levels of engagement.(AU)

Grupo Consolidado Salud, Bienestar, Ingeniería y Sostenibilidad Sociosanitaria (SALBIS) / Consolidated SALBIS Group (Health, Wellbeing and Sociosanitary Sustainability)

SALBIS es un grupo de investigación interdisciplinar, interuniversitario e internacional de la Universidad de León. Se crea en 2011, con objeto de liderar la investigación en salud y bienestar centrado en la persona y la sociedad. La mayoría de sus miembros son enfermeras con perfiles híbridos (antropólogas, psicólogas, humanistas, etc.) que enriquecen la perspectiva investigadora. Sus doctorados se han desarrollado en Enfermería, Psicología, Biomedicina, etc. Las líneas de investigación son: planificación estratégica sanitaria, redes, bienestar, movilidad y movimiento, e innovación tecnológica y salud. Para SALBIS, el conocimiento generado debe ser: responsable con la sociedad, sostenible en el tiempo, y compartido tanto con las administraciones públicas como con las empresas. Los miembros del grupo están muy sensibilizados con acercar sus experiencias investigadoras a la sociedad, motivando en la curiosidad científica, y mostrando sus logros con la finalidad de llevarlos a la práctica. La Enfermería ha supuesto, para el grupo SALBIS, la sensibilidad y la eficiencia en el cuidado, y una perspectiva ilusionante para crear sociedades saludables y felices

SALBIS is an interdisciplinary, inter-university and international research group in the Universidad de León. It was created in 2011, with the aim of leading research in health and wellbeing focused on the person and the society. The majority of its members are nurses with crossover profiles (anthropologists, psychologists, humanists, etc.), who enrich the research perspective. They have doctorate degrees in Nursing, Psychology, Biomedicine, etc. The lines of research are: strategic healthcare planning, networks, wellbeing, mobility and movement, and technological innovation and health. For SALBIS, the knowledge generated must be: responsible with society, sustainable over time, and shared both with local authorities and companies. The group members are highly aware of the need to bring their research experiences close to society, motivating scientific curiosity, and showing their achievements with the aim of putting them into practice. For the SALBIS Group, Nursing has represented sensitivity and efficiency in healthcare, and an exciting perspective to create healthy and happy societies

La red social del adolescente: la influencia de la amistad en el desarrollo de hábitos obesogénicos / The social network of adolescents: The influence of friendship in the development of obesogenic habits

El presente artículo pretende justificar la relevancia de las relaciones sociales en el entorno del adolescente obeso. La motivación por este enfoque surgió debido al vacío que se ha encontrado en estudios que expliquen si los adolescentes comen mejor o peor y/o realizan más o menos ejercicio físico dependiendo de su red de amigos. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica centrada en la obesidad y el análisis de las redes sociales de los jóvenes a través de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de León, en diferentes bases de datos tales como Web of Knowledge (WOK), Scielo, Scopus, entre otras. Se obtuvieron artículos y otros documentos de interés utilizando revistas pertenecientes a las disciplinas de la Sociología y de las Ciencias de la Salud. Tras realizar la lectura de los textos más relevantes se pudo obtener los siguientes resultados: (1) las relaciones influyen en los hábitos de los adolescentes, (2) la calidad y la cantidad de comida puede depender del tipo de red que le rodea, y (3) el nivel de ejercicio físico que tiene un individuo se puede ver influenciado por sus mejores amigos, por el grupo en general que le rodea e incluso por los amigos de sus amigos. De todo ello se deriva, que el estudio de la red social del individuo puede ser una herramienta útil a la hora de visualizar los patrones de comportamiento, y por tanto, aplicable a los programas de salud y salud pública contribuyendo, de esta forma, a la sostenibilidad del sistema (AU)

This aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of social networks in the obese adolescent's environment. This study emerged in response to the paucity of information encountered in the literature as regards whether adolescents eat better or worse and/or performs more or less physical exercise depending on their friendship networks. We performed literature search at the University of León library which focused on obesity and an analysis of young people's social networks, exploring databases such as the Web of Knowledge (WOK), SciELO and Scopus, among others. Articles and other documents of interest were identified using journals from the disciplines of Sociology and the Health Sciences. After the most relevant texts had been read in full, the following results were obtained: (1) relationships influence adolescents' habits, (2) the quality and quantity of food they consume can depend on the type of network to which they belong, and (3) the amount of physical exercise that adolescents do can be influenced by their best friends, by the wider group to which they belong and even by friends of friends. The foregoing suggests that the study of adolescents' social networks could be a useful tool for identifying behaviour patterns; it is therefore applicable to health and public health programmes and would contribute to the sustainability of the system (AU)

[Health system sustainability from a network perspective: a proposal to optimize healthy habits and social support]. / La sostenibilidad del sistema sanitario desde una perspectiva de redes sociales: una propuesta para la promoción de hábitos saludables y apoyo social.

The search of new health management formulas focused to give wide services is one of the priorities of our present health policies. Those formulas examine the optimization of the links between the main actors involved in public health, ie, users, professionals, local socio-political and corporate agents. This paper is aimed to introduce the Social Network Analysis as a method for analyzing, measuring and interpreting those connections. The knowledge of people's relationships (what is called social networks) in the field of public health is becoming increasingly important at an international level. In fact, countries such as UK, Netherlands, Italy, Australia and U.S. are looking formulas to apply this knowledge to their health departments. With this work we show the utility of the ARS on topics related to sustainability of the health system, particularly those related with health habits and social support, topics included in the 2020 health strategies that underline the importance of the collaborative aspects in networks.

Análisis de la percepción de valores en los alumnos universitarios de enfermería / Analysis of the perception of values in college nursing students

Resumen:

Marco teórico y objetivo: el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar el sistema de valores que los alumnos perciben, después de una serie de estrategias implantadas en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la Escuela Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de León, España. Metodología: se aplicó el cuestionario de valores DpV-43 a 145 alumnos. Fue aplicado un análisis descriptivo con medidas de tendencia central, medias y moda. Resultado: los alumnos consideraron que el principal valor que debía liderar la vida universitaria era el compañerismo-cooperación. Discusión: los autores proponen estrategias en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje para promover la cooperación y la cohesión entre los estudiantes, promoviendo redes de transferencia de conocimiento y amistad entre las Escuelas de Enfermería.

Las complicaciones de la herida quirúrgica en el trasplante renal / Complications of the surgical wound in kidney transplants

Observamos un empeoramiento en la evolución de las heridas quirúrgicas en el postoperatorio del trasplante renal. El comienzo de este problema se presenta al inicio del tratamiento con rapamicina combinado con otros inmunosupresores que ya utilizábamos. Objetivo. Valorar si se corresponde con la observación de enfermería, que el empeoramiento en la evolución de la herida quirúrgica del postrasplante renal, está en relación con el uso de rapamicina como inmunosupresor, añadido a los habituales factores de riesgo. Material y método. Estudio epidemiológico observacional de cohortes retrospectivo. Se estudió aun total de 56 pacientes trasplantados en nuestra unidad, desde el año 1999 hasta el 2003. Se seleccionan30 pacientes con la pauta habitual de inmunosupresión: corticoides, ciclosporina o tacrolimus, micofenolato mofetil, etc. y a 26 pacientes con similar tratamiento, pero asociado a la rapamicina. Resultados. La relación entre los días de exudado de la herida quirúrgica, en el postoperatorio de los pacientes del grupo tratado con rapamicina, es estadísticamente significativa en relación con el grupo que no lo toma, con una p = 0.016 (p< 0,05) en U de Mann Whitney. No siendo significativas las diferencias entre otras variables estudiadas

We note a worsening in the evolution of the surgical wounds in the post-operative kidney transplant. The problem starts at the beginning of treatment with rapamicin combined with other immunosuppressors we already used. Objective. To evaluate whether there is correspondence with the nursing observation that the poorer evolution of the postoperative surgical wound of kidney transplants are related to the use of rapamicinas an immunosuppressor, added to the habitual risk factors. Material and method. Retrospective observational epidemiological study of cohorts. A total 56 patients transplanted in our unit were studied from 1999 to2003. Thirty patients were selected with the usual immunosuppression tendency: corticoids, cyclosporin or tacrolimus, mofethyl micophenolate, etc. and 26patients with a similar treatment, but associated with rapamicin. Results. The relationship between the days of exudation of the surgical wound in the postoperative period of the patients of the group treated with rapamicinis statistically significant in relation to the group that did not take it, with p = 0.016 (p< 0.05)in U by Mann Whitney. The difference between other variables studied was not significant